125 years of immunology: from the 2025 Nobel Prize to research prospects in Chad

The long list of Nobel Prize laureates in immunology from 1901 to 2025 presents some generally little-known characteristics. Beyond the obvious association of immunology with vaccination or transplantation, the Nobel Prize selection committee of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has awarded Nobel Prizes in immunology to researchers whose work redefines fundamental principles of functional biology that govern physiology and pathology, as well as health and disease.