Grass species utilization by munia birds (Estrildidae) at Abhera Biological Park, Kota, Rajasthan, India

Granivorous birds are closely associated with grassland structure and seed availability, particularly within managed urban landscapes. The present study examines the foraging ecology of four munia species— Indian Silverbill (Euodice malabarica), Scaly-breasted Munia (Lonchura punctulata), Red Avadavat (Amandava amandava), and Tricoloured Munia (Lonchura malacca)—at Abhera Biological Park, Kota, Rajasthan. A total of 280 focal foraging observations were recorded across nine grass species. All four munia species were observed feeding on Ischaemum rugosum, which accounted for the highest proportion of total foraging records. Species-specific preferences for other grasses were also evident. Statistical analysis using a chi-square goodness-of-fit test confirmed significant deviation from random grass use (χ² = 96.4, df = 8, p < 0.001). The findings emphasize the ecological importance of native grasses in sustaining granivorous bird communities in urban protected areas.