Electrochromics

This chapter focuses on electrochromic key materials, device structures, deposition technologies, and applications. It covers the evolution of inorganic electrochromics for medium- and large-area applications. Electrochromics have a gray scale with intermediate coloration between light to dark. Electrochromic materials change their optical properties due to the action of an applied electrical potential and can be changed back to the original state by a reverse potential. One of the unique characterization parameters for an electrochromic material is its coloration efficiency. An electrochromic glazing can be fabricated from as little as three to five layers consisting of two transparent conductors, an ion conductor or electrolyte, counter electrode, and electrochromic layer. Self-dimming automotive electrochromic mirrors are the most successful commercial application of electrochromics with more than 55 million electrochromic mirrors produced in the year 2024 of which Gentex has 86% of the electrochromic mirror market.