Development of Dual-Use Hemorrhage Control Methods: a Review of Solutions and a Future Directionfor Civilian and Military Applications

<ns3:p>The article presents a review of the latest advancements in hemorrhage control, a crucial aspect of both military and civilianemergency medicine (dual-use). It examines traditional mechanical methods such as pressure dressings, tourniquets, and wound packing,alongside modern chemical and biomaterial-based solutions, including hemostatic powders, granules, and hydrogels. Particularfocus is given to bioactive hydrogels, hemostatic sponges, and nanotechnology-enhanced materials, which offer improved biocompatibility,biodegradability, and targeted hemostasis for complex injuries. Despite significant progress, current technologies still face challenges,including variable effectiveness in different bleeding scenarios, difficulties in application under stress, and potential complicationssuch as tissue necrosis or delayed wound healing. The article emphasizes the need for further research to refine these materials, enhancingtheir adaptability, safety, and ease of use. Advancing hemorrhage control methods is essential to improving trauma care outcomes,ensuring that effective solutions are available for both medical professionals and first responders in critical situations.</ns3:p>