Effect of behavioral activation on self-compassion in mothers of children with autism in Babol, Iran: A randomized controlled trial

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental condition that imposes significant psychological stress on parents, particularly mothers. Enhancing maternal psychological well-being through effective interventions is essential. This study aimed to investigate the effect of behavioral activation on self-compassion in mothers of children with ASD in Babol, Iran. This randomized controlled trial included 30 mothers of children with ASD who visited the Autism Educational and Rehabilitation Center in Babol. Participants were randomly assigned to an intervention group (n=15) and a control group (n=15). Data were collected using the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). The intervention group received eight 55–60 minute sessions of behavioral activation based on the protocol by Martell, Dimidjian, and Herman-Dunn (2010), while the control group received routine center care. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests, paired t-tests, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. The mean self-compassion score in the intervention group increased from 32.87 (SD=5.99) at pretest to 41.39 (SD=2.00) at posttest, whereas no significant change was observed in the control group (p=0.589). Independent t-test results indicated a significant difference between the two groups after the intervention (p=0.049). ANCOVA, controlling for pretest scores, confirmed a significant effect of behavioral activation on self-compassion (F=19.89, p<0.001, η²=0.424). Behavioral activation is an effective approach for enhancing self-compassion in mothers of children with ASD. This intervention increases emotional awareness, reduces self-criticism, and promotes positive coping strategies, thereby improving maternal mental health. Incorporating behavioral activation into supportive programs for families of children with ASD is recommended.