The effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on functional capacity based on cardiopulmonary exercise testing: a systematic review and meta-analysis

CRT improves exercise capacity and ventilatory efficiency, reinforcing its physiological benefits beyond cardiac remodelling. CPET may support personalized post-CRT care, including optimization of device programming, medications, and rehabilitation. Worsening CPET parameters may help identify patients progressing to advanced heart failure, allowing for timely care planning.