<b> “The Arabic Letters (l, m, n, h, w, y): A Historical, Phonetic, and Comparative Study”</b>

This research undertakes a comprehensive phonological and morphological analysis of six fundamental Arabic letters, namely lām, mīm, nūn, hāʾ, wāw, and yāʾ. The study aims to elucidate the articulatory and morphological features of these letters, while situating them within a broader comparative framework that examines their correspondences in selected Semitic languages. Through this comparative perspective, the research seeks to highlight both the convergences and divergences that characterize these sounds across related linguistic systems. Special emphasis is accorded to the letter mīm, owing to its salient role within the phonological and derivational architecture of Arabic. Its pervasive presence in diverse morphological patterns and lexical formations underscores its centrality in shaping word structure and semantic functions. Consequently, the analysis devotes substantial attention to exploring the multifaceted functions of mīm, while offering only general observations on the remaining letters, in order to provide a more focused and exhaustive examination of this distinctive element. The study further employs the comparative method to trace the historical development of mīm across the Semitic language family, thereby identifying the phonological and functional shifts it has undergone. The findings underscore the pivotal significance of mīm in both structural and semantic dimensions, and they demonstrate the broader utility of comparative analysis as a methodological tool. Ultimately, the research contributes to a deeper understanding of the phonological and morphological interrelations between Arabic and other Semitic languages, opening new avenues for scholarly inquiry within the field of historical and comparative linguistics.