Semaglutide and the Effects of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 on Vision

Abstract Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) and its analogues have therapeutic potential in treating various conditions like Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity, with a focus on their neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties in ocular diseases. GLP-1, a hormone produced in the intestinal mucosa and brain, enhances insulin secretion and lowers blood glucose levels. GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are effective in treating T2D mellitus (T2DM) and obesity, and have shown potential in treating heart failure (preserved ejection fraction), diabetic kidney disease, and neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. In ocular diseases, GLP-1RAs have demonstrated protective effects against diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma by reducing inflammation, preventing retinal cell loss, and maintaining vascular integrity. Semaglutide, a GLP-1RA, is used for T2DM and obesity treatment, showing significant weight reduction and glycemic control. This review aims to a deeper understanding of how GLP-1RAs, including semaglutide, offer promising therapeutic benefits for both metabolic and ocular health conditions.