Cost-effectiveness analysis of early versus late switching in treatment-naïve patients with refractory diabetic macular oedema in the Turkish population: real-world data from the Bosphorus DME study group, report number 5

Although early switching yields the greatest visual improvement and faster rehabilitation, it incurs higher costs. The no-switch strategy provided modest visual improvement at the lowest cost, resulting in the most favourable cost-effectiveness ratio. Late switching produced limited benefit at high cost, rendering it an unfavourable option. Treatment decisions should balance clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness on an individual basis.