Application of a Food-Based Nutritional Profiling System to Assess Diet Quality in Diet-Level Data: Evidence on Construct and Convergent Validity from the Hatoyama Cohort Study and Kusatsu Cohort Study

MNPS-OA can be adapted for diet-level assessment with targeted modifications. Eliminating nutrient caps markedly improves alignment with established diet quality indices, supporting its potential use in large-scale epidemiological studies and public health applications.