Immune response in breastmilk of Black women to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination against COVID-19

Results from this small pilot study supported the need to include a diverse population in breastmilk studies, as the immune response in milk varied greatly among individuals. Future studies assessing the response to infections and vaccinations in lactating women should include analysis of milk from both breasts, as well as assessment of mammary epithelium permeability.