Lebanese bay leaves (Laurus nobilis): A unique chemotypic and pharmacological profile with culinary and medicinal potential

Lebanese Laurus nobilis (Lebanese L. nobilis - bay laurel) is a widely studied Mediterranean aromatic plant; however, regional chemotypic variability, particularly in Lebanese populations, remains insufficiently characterized. This narrative review critically evaluates current literature on the phytochemical composition and pharmacological properties of Lebanese L. nobilis in comparison with other Mediterranean sources. Available evidence indicates that Lebanese bay leaves exhibit distinct essential oil profiles, with notable variability in key constituents such as 1,8-cineole, sabinene, and α-terpinyl acetate, largely driven by altitudinal and climatic gradients. These findings support the existence of geographically influenced chemotypes with potential functional relevance. Pharmacological studies further suggest antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities, though most evidence remains derived from in vitro and preclinical models. Despite promising bioactivity, this review identifies critical gaps in the literature, including limited chemotype standardization, scarcity of clinical validation, and insufficient integration of ecological and genetic data. Furthermore, the impact of climate change on chemical expression and resource sustainability remains poorly addressed. Overall, this review concludes that Lebanese L. nobilis represents a chemotypically distinct and pharmacologically promising resource but emphasizes the need for coordinated multidisciplinary research to support its scientific validation, sustainable utilization, and potential industrial application. • Lebanese bay leaves show unique essential oil and chemotypic profiles. • Climate and terroir strongly influence phytochemistry across Lebanon. • Distinct antioxidant and antimicrobial activities enhance medicinal value. • Traditional culinary and herbal uses link culture with pharmacology. • Sustainable cultivation offers economic and ecological opportunities.