Associations between functional autoantibodies targeting GPCRs, antinuclear antibodies, and inflammatory cytokines TNF-α: a cross-sectional study of 19,810 individuals

This large-scale cross-sectional study identifies a selective inflammatory axis linking ANA, TNF-α, and functional GPCR-AAbs-particularly M4 muscarinic receptor autoantibodies-in a sex-specific manner. These findings suggest that GPCR-AAbs may complement ANA as early biomarkers of immune dysregulation and provide novel mechanistic insights into autoimmune activation. GPCR-AAbs may hold clinical relevance for risk stratification and therapeutic targeting in autoimmune diseases.