Developing a Risk-Informed Manning Policy for Non-Self-Propelled Vessels: Evidence from the Hainan Free Trade Port

Non-self-propelled vessels (NSPVs)-including pontoons, floating docks, dredgers, and accommodation barges-play a vital role in port operations, offshore construction, and maritime logistics. However, their crewing practices often lack standardized regulation, leading to operational risks and inadequate protection of seafarers’ welfare. Drawing on empirical data from 127 NSPVs operating within the Hainan Free Trade Port (FTP), this study diagnoses systemic manning deficiencies by benchmarking against key international regulatory frameworks, particularly the International Labour Organization’s Maritime Labour Convention (MLC 2006), the International Maritime Organization’s Principles of Minimum Safe Manning (Resolution A.1047(27)), and the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore’s (MPA) guidelines for auxiliary vessels. The analysis reveals widespread issues of under-manning, ambiguous crew responsibilities, and fatigue-related hazards, compounded by the absence of risk-based, context-sensitive manning criteria. In response, this paper proposes a policy framework that links vessel function, operational environment, and task complexity to differentiated crewing requirements. This approach integrates dynamic risk assessment, digital monitoring, and compliance incentives-positioning it not as a rigid prescriptive standard, but as a flexible and adaptive governance tool. The findings offer practical insights not only for Hainan FTP but also for other emerging maritime jurisdictions seeking to align local practices with global safety and labor norms.