Comparison of 3 Forms of Clinically Available Hydroxyapatite Artificial Bone for Use in Biphasic Implants With Synovial Mesenchymal Stem Cell–Derived Tissue-Engineered Constructs for Osteochondral Repair

This study highlights the potential of biphasic implants combining clinically available TEC and HA artificial bone for osteochondral repair. The biphasic implant can be easily prepared intraoperatively without specialized fabrication. Long-term observations revealed distinct repair patterns for each HA form, which may assist surgeons in selecting the optimal HA artificial bone form for effective and durable subchondral bone repair in osteochondral regeneration.