Analysis of the relevance of using electric buses as a primary means of urban public transport in Moscow conditions

Introduction. In the context of rapid urbanization and increasing environmental requirements for urban transport, the transition to environmentally friendly types of rolling stock is becoming particularly relevant. Moscow, as a megacity with a high population density and intensive traffic flow, faces the need to reduce pollutant emissions and improve the quality of the urban environment. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive assessment of the feasibility of replacing buses with internal combustion engines (ICE) with electric buses as the main type of surface urban public transport (UPT). Materials and Methods. The study is based on a multicomponent methodology combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. The informational basis consists of official data from the State Unitary Enterprise “Mosgortrans,” including operational statistics and information on the maintenance of rolling stock. Data collection included a survey of two target groups (UPT passengers and drivers). A comparative technical and operational analysis of key performance parameters of ICE buses and electric buses was carried out (energy consumption/fuel consumption, maintenance costs, CO₂ emissions). Results . The study provides evidence of the economic and environmental feasibility of using electric buses in the Moscow metropolitan area. A positive social effect was identified, manifested in increased passenger comfort. Significant investments required for the construction of modern charging infrastructure and for maintaining the necessary fleet of vehicles were noted. Discussion. Despite existing limitations, the analysis confirmed the prospects of electric buses as a core element of Moscow’s urban public transport. The main recommendations relate to the gradual introduction of electric buses, with an emphasis on the development of charging station networks and the creation of incentive mechanisms for manufacturers and transport service operators. Conclusion. The findings are of interest to the Moscow city administration, transport companies, and public organizations concerned with ensuring a comfortable and safe urban environment. The novelty of the study lies in its in-depth examination of how technologies influence the lives of a large number of people and in the interaction between engineering solutions and social perception.