Temporal Evolution of the Impact of CKD on COVID-19 Outcomes: A Five-Year Nationwide Analysis

Across five years of nationwide surveillance, CKD remained a dominant, independent correlate of COVID-19 case-fatality and hospitalization, with risk resurging in 2024. Lower ICU/IMV use yet higher in-ICU case-fatality among CKD patients may reflect selection effects and underscore the need for rapid escalation pathways.