Investigating above-ground biomass and carbon sequestration potential in the pursuit of carbon neutrality via academic institutions

Climate change, driven primarily by human-induced greenhouse gas emissions, necessitates urgent mitigation strategies at both global and local levels. This study assesses the carbon sequestration potential and emission profile of Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, to evaluate its progress toward carbon neutrality. A total of 30 plots (15 within and 15 outside the Jeevaka region) were sampled using 10 × 10 m quadrats to estimate above-ground biomass (AGB) and carbon storage. Data on tree species composition, girth at breast height (GBH), and height were used to compute biomass and carbon content using Forest Survey of India (FSI) volume equations and specific gravity values. The study documented 357 trees from 33 species across 19 families, with Caryota urens and Artocarpus hirsutus emerging as dominant species in terms of carbon contribution. The total AGB was estimated at 83.55 t/ha, corresponding to 39.49 t/ha of carbon. Carbon distribution was analysed across different DBH (Diameter at Breast Height) classes, with the 20–30 cm class showing the highest carbon storage. Regression analyses revealed strong positive correlations between carbon storage and both tree density (R2 = 0.9489) and basal area (R2 = 0.7389), underscoring the significance of forest structure in carbon sequestration. Carbon emissions from electricity, transportation, LPG, solid waste, and human respiration amounted to 5,479.224 metric tons of CO2e annually. In contrast, the university’s carbon offset initiatives — including green cover, solar energy, biogas, and waste management — accounted for 2,705.34 metric tons of CO2e, resulting in a net excess of 2,773.88 metric tons. The study highlights the potential of institutional campuses to significantly contribute to climate mitigation through sustainable practices, enhanced green cover, and renewable energy adoption. The findings support the implementation of strategic interventions to achieve full carbon neutrality and promote sustainable campus ecosystems.