Artificial Intelligence-Based Gene and Cell Therapy Using Next Generations of Genome, Epigenome, and Mitochondrial Editing Technologies

In the past two decades, gene editing has transformed genome and epigenome manipulation. CRISPR/Cas technologies enable targeted insertions/deletions, mutagenesis, gene expression modulation, epigenetic edits, mitochondrial changes, and SNP detection for diagnostics and therapies. AI boosts CRISPR precision, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness, optimizing gRNAs via tools like DeepCRISPR, CRISTA, and DeepHF for treating sickle cell anemia and thalassemia. The CRISPR toolkit now supports transgene-free engineering without homology-directed repair, featuring base editing (BE), prime editing (PE), epigenome editing, and CAST for precise DNA modifications and biosensing. AI-genome editing integration powers precision medicine by analyzing patient genomics to pinpoint mutations and biomarkers in cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer's, enabling personalized diagnostics and therapies. This chapter examines AI's role in enhancing CRISPR-Cas functionalities, benefits, applications, and challenges in medicine.