Risk factors and management of hypotension and nausea during 5-aminolevulinic acid-assisted transurethral resection of bladder tumors under spinal anesthesia

Our findings suggest that ALA-PDD-TURBT is a safe procedure with a low risk of severe complications. Although hypotension, nausea, and vomiting were relatively common, they were generally manageable with pharmacological interventions. No strong predictive risk factors for hypotension were identified; however, the use of phenylephrine was associated with an increased risk of nausea and vomiting.