Tumor cell invasion of blood vessels predicts poor survival in upper tract urothelial carcinoma following radical nephroureterectomy

Distinguishing BVI from LymVI provides refined prognostic stratification in UTUC. BVI, alone or combined with LymVI, is strongly associated with adverse survival and increased hematogenous dissemination, while isolated LymVI has limited prognostic impact. Routine pathological subclassification of vascular invasion may improve postoperative risk assessment and guide adjuvant treatment decisions.