Defining screening criteria and ranking in-row and inter-row cover crops for irrigated vineyards using a hybrid AHP–TOPSIS model

Cover crops are increasingly important in sustainable vineyard management, yet species selection remains site-specific and challenging. We evaluated candidates in two commercial organic vineyards in the semi-arid Okanagan Valley, British Columbia-CFF (13-year Merlot) and KOW (10-year Zweigelt)-using a hybrid multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) [Analytic Hierarchy Process-Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (AHP-TOPSIS)]. Nine in-row and 15 inter-row treatments (annuals and perennials) were evaluated in the 2019 growing season. Field measures included biomass, ground cover, interference with the fruiting zone, invasiveness, pest/disease effects, drought and winter tolerance, and traffic tolerance. In both vineyards, risk of invasiveness (~43-60%) and interference with fruiting zones (~30%) were the most influential criteria. The top under-vine annuals were <i>Lens culinaris</i> (spring lentil), <i>Brassica napus</i> cv. Winfred, and <i>Brassica rapa</i> (purple-top turnip) with high relative closeness (RC_i = 0.87-0.96). Among perennials, Ladino <i>Trifolium repens</i> cv. Crescendo ranked the highest (RC_i ~ 0.84), supporting its use as a durable under-vine cover. For inter-rows, <i>Pisum sativum</i> + <i>Secale cereale</i> (pea-rye) led at CFF (RC_i = 0.89) and placed second at KOW, <i>Trifolium incarnatum</i> ranked second at CFF (RC_i = 0.83), and <i>Trifolium alexandrinum</i> led at KOW (RC_i = 0.94). Other annual clovers were intermediate (RC_i = 0.79-0.88), performing best on finer-textured, cooler, moister sites. The leading perennial inter-row mix was <i>Lolium perenne</i> + <i>Raphanus sativus</i> var. <i>longipinnatus</i> (tillage radish; RC_i = 0.94), followed by a <i>Festuca</i> spp. mix (RC_i = 0.65-0.69). This MCDA delivers clear, literature-aligned rankings and a data-driven framework to guide regionally adapted cover-crop choices and future web-based decision tools.