Mass Measurement of Stellar Black Holes

Black holes, as the most mysterious celestial bodies in the universe, have received limited research from humans. This article reviews the history of observing black holes and present the dynamical method for measuring their mass. Drawing on reported dynamical estimates, I built a dataset of stellar-mass black holes and obtained an average mass of 8.016 M, which is consistent with the theoretical lower limit of 5M. Although I verified that most black holes apply to the theoretical lower limit of 5M proposed in previous studies, it is possible for Swift J1727.8-1613, XTE J1650-500, GRS 1716-249, GRS 1009-45, GRO J0422+32, H 1705-250, 3A 1524-617, 1H 1659-487 with a minimum mass below 5M.