Effect of Butyrate‐Producing Enterobacteria and Proton Pump Inhibitors on Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment With Durvalumab and Tremelimumab

Neither butyrate-producing bacteria nor PPI use significantly influenced the efficacy of durvalumab plus tremelimumab in HCC. The liver's immunotolerant microenvironment may limit the impact of microbiome modulation on ICI efficacy.