Exclusive Breastfeeding Is Not Ensuring an Adequate Vitamin B Status in Premature Infants with Very Low Birth Weight

<b>Background</b>: Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of corrected age (CA) is recommended for premature infants with very low birth weight (<1500 g) (VLBW). B vitamins are essential for normal development and growth, including DNA methylation, and we investigated whether exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months provides an adequate cobalamin, folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B2 status compared to additional or exclusive formula feeding from term to 12 months CA. <b>Methods</b>: In recruited infants born prematurely with VLBW, levels of vitamin B12 (cobalamin), folate, vitamin B6 (pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, PLP), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), and the metabolic markers, total homocysteine (tHcy) and methylmalonic acid (MMA), were determined at term (<i>n</i> = 35) and at 2 (<i>n</i> = 47), 6 (<i>n</i> = 48), and 12 months (<i>n</i> = 58) CA. <b>Results</b>: Only a minority of the infants were given multivitamin supplementation, and this was associated with higher PLP and riboflavin levels. One-third of the infants were exclusively breastfed to 6 months CA, and these had lower cobalamin, PLP, and riboflavin concentrations compared to formula-fed infants; additionally, 80% had plasma tHcy concentrations ≥ 6.5 µmol/L, indicative of cobalamin deficiency during the first 6 months CA. Serious deficiency of one or more B vitamins was evident in 3-9% of the infants at each time point during the first 12 months CA, more often in breastfed infants, but not exclusively. <b>Conclusions</b>: Exclusive breastfeeding with inadequate multivitamin supplementation and no specific recommendation for introduction of solid food does not provide an adequate B vitamin status in infants born prematurely with VLBW. Nutritional micronutrient recommendations must be improved, and regular evaluation of vitamin status should be implemented in the follow-up for premature VLBW infants.