Power attenuation of Pc1 waves during propagation from the magnetosphere to the ionosphere observed by the Arase satellite and PWING ground stations

Abstract Understanding how the properties of Pc1 waves change during their propagation from the magnetospheric source regions to the middle or low-latitude ionosphere have not yet been clearly revealed by observations. In this study, we present the first quantitative comparison of Pc1 wave power attenuation both along the geomagnetic field lines and in the ionospheric wave ducts, using simultaneous observations from the Arase satellite and dynamical variation of Particles and Waves in the INner magnetosphere using Ground-based network observations (PWING) ground magnetometers. One of our key findings is that the polarization sense of the waves changed from left-handed polarization (LHP) at the satellite to right-handed polarization (RHP) on the ground, providing observational evidence of polarization transformation from space to the ionosphere. By examining polarization angles, we confirm that the Pc1 waves observed at multiple ground stations originated from the same magnetospheric source as the EMIC waves detected by the Arase. Importantly, we quantify the wave power attenuation factor along the magnetic field line to be only 0.37 dB/1000 km, which is nearly an order of magnitude smaller than that in the ionospheric wave duct (4.7–8.2 dB/1000 km). This result establishes a previously unreported minimum Pc1 wave attenuation rate in the magnetosphere, highlighting that the wave energy loss occurs more rapidly in the ionospheric duct than in space. These findings provide new insights into Pc1 wave transmission mechanisms and emphasize the importance of combined space- and ground-based observations for characterizing wave propagation processes across geospace. Graphical Abstract