Physics-Based Modeling of Platinum Catalyst Dissolution and Oxidation in PEM Fuel Cells: A Focused Review

The parallel electrochemical reactions of platinum dissolution and oxide formation are key reactions that govern surface area loss and subsequent catalyst degradation in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Studying these mechanisms through physics-based approaches is critical for understanding catalyst degradation and for developing more durable fuel cells. This review summarizes advances in physics-based modeling of platinum dissolution and oxidation, presenting three of the most widely used frameworks: the Darling-Meyers, Holby-Morgan, and Rinaldo-Stumper-Eikerling models. These models form the conceptual foundation for many subsequent studies on platinum dissolution and oxidation, and this review examines how recent work has expanded upon these frameworks to illustrate the conceptual evolution of physics-based degradation models. Additional models proposed in the literature are also discussed as alternative approaches that represent newer and emerging directions in modeling platinum degradation. Finally, the review compares the capabilities and limitations of existing models and highlights emerging trends and potential directions for future model development. This review aims to provide a focused guide for researchers developing next-generation physics-based catalyst degradation models for PEM fuel cells.