Optimization of M1 macrophage targeting using a glucosylated albumin nanoplatform for ROS scavenging and mitochondrial rescue in acute kidney injury

Glc⁶-AD¹¹-Alb acts through complementary mechanisms of macrophage-targeted immune modulation and mitochondrial protection, thereby disrupting the vicious cycle of inflammation and oxidative stress in AKI. This nanoplatform represents a clinically translatable therapeutic strategy with potential to improve outcomes in patients with ischemic kidney injury.