Growth differentiation factor 15 as a biomarker of frailty: evidence from recent studies

GDF15 represents a promising biomarker for frailty, reflecting physical decline and risk of future frailty. Future research should address sex-specific effects, standardize assay protocols and frailty assessments, and explore the clinical utility of GDF15 to detect people at increased risk of decline in intrinsic capacity and frailty in a life course perspective.