Regulation of chemical emissions from offshore wind farms: comparative analysis and policy recommendations for the North Sea

Abstract The offshore wind energy sector is experiencing rapid and large-scale expansion in Europe, driven by increasingly ambitious renewable energy targets that position it as a central component of global climate mitigation efforts. The increasing number of offshore wind projects in the North Sea requires comprehensive regulations to monitor and minimize the impacts on the marine environment during construction, operation and decommissioning. This policy brief aims to summarize current regulations for chemical emissions in the North Sea area by reviewing available national documents and websites for guidance in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Norway in combination with information received from respective authorities. Based on the collected information, the policy brief will give recommendations for potential harmonization to increase the protection of the environment and facilitate procedures. The comparative analysis of national and transnational regulations for chemical emissions from offshore wind farms in North Sea bordering countries revealed that these are incomplete and differ between countries in terms of their specifications and level of detail. For example, specific rules for the application of galvanic anodes including the ban of zinc-based anodes are only available in Germany while several but not all countries prohibit the use of antifouling or other toxic paints. Incompleteness and differences may also be related to a lack of information on substances and their environmental effects. To achieve harmonization and more efficient protection of the marine environment, more data and minimum requirements on a regional level will be necessary, while at the same time, innovation may not be hampered and design and techniques should be further optimized and adapted based on latest available information.