Testosterone-induced erythrocytosis: addressing the challenge of metabolic syndrome and widely prescribed SGLT2-inhibitor drugs

© 2025 the author(s).Testosterone is the cornerstone therapy for men with hypogonadism, and also treats any associated anaemia by promoting erythropoiesis. However, excessive doses cause erythrocytosis (raised red cell mass), especially if other risk factors are present. Erythrocytosis is associated with arterial and venous thrombosis in population studies. Testosterone is now increasingly prescribed to older men with functional hypogonadism and obesity, hypertension or type 2 diabetes, who are anyway at higher risk of both erythrocytosis and thrombosis. Although short–medium term testosterone treatment in these men was not associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, there were more cases of pulmonary embolism. Originally envisaged as purely oral hypoglycaemic drugs, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are now increasingly prescribed in chronic kidney disease (CKD), ischaemic heart disease and left ventricular impairment, irrespective of glycaemia, and the likelihood of co-prescription with testosterone is thus increased considerably. Crucially, they also increase haematocrit by promoting haematopoiesis. This review focuses on the current best evidence for managing erythrocytosis, in the context of more prevalent obesity and prescriptions of testosterone and SGLT2i in this population. It highlights the need to balance the metabolic and therapeutic benefits against the potential risks. Management strategies include re-evaluating the original treatment indication, addressing modifiable risk factors, switching to transdermal testosterone and/or reducing the testosterone dose. Venesection is not recommended, except for clonal erythrocytosis, due to its potential pro-thrombotic effects. However, combination therapy with testosterone and SGLT2s in men with anaemia of advanced CKD could augment, or even partly supersede, expensive treatment with conventional erythrocytosis-stimulating agents.