Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Outcomes After Forceps, Vacuum, and Second-Stage Cesarean Delivery

The findings of this cohort study suggest that children who underwent operative vaginal delivery and SSCD had comparable neurodevelopmental outcomes, except among those who underwent sequential instrument delivery and vacuum delivery, which were associated with ADHD and ID, respectively. Further research is warranted to develop a better understanding of delivery mode as a potentially modifiable risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood.