Cranial Defect Reconstruction With Custom 3D‐Printed Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds Augmented With rhBMP‐2 or Dipyridamole in a Nonhuman Primate Model

Reconstructing critically sized cranial defects with custom 3D-printed hydroxyapatite scaffolds was successful and yielded favorable results in this model. Scaffolds augmented with rhBMP-2 demonstrated superior bone ingrowth, integration, and mechanical properties, highlighting their potential as a viable alternative to autografts and allograft materials for cranioplasty.