Cognitive Performance in Middle-Aged Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: Normative Comparisons and Associations with Medical and Psychological Variables

Cognitive performance in middle-aged individuals with T2DM and no severe complications appears comparable to normative samples. The absence of associations with metabolic risk factors may reflect a preclinical stage before measurable cognitive decline emerges. Limited statistical power and use of non-local normative data should be considered when interpreting the findings. Overall, the results highlight middle age as a potential window for preventive efforts.