Identifying food environment policies and research needs in Latin America and the Caribbean: insights from the Community of Practice in Nutrition and Health in Latin America and the Caribbean (COLANSA)

Nutrition-related health issues remain a significant public health challenge in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), where rapid transformations in food systems have contributed to increasing obesity and diet-related noncommunicable diseases. Government policies are key to shaping healthier food environments, but their implementation and evaluation vary widely across countries. This study aimed to identify national-level public policies that promote healthy food environments in the LAC region and to outline priority areas for research to strengthen their implementation, from the perspectives of researchers and advocates. This cross-sectional study was conducted between July and December 2024, combining a bibliographic review and an online survey. The review compiled national laws, regulations, and policy documents from multiple databases, official government websites, and reports from international organizations. A structured, country-adapted questionnaire was administered to members of the Community of Practice in Nutrition and Health in Latin America and the Caribbean (COLANSA). Participants were asked to revise the list of policies in place in their countries, as identified by the review, and prioritize up to five policies requiring further research. They were also asked to specify the types of studies needed. The review identified 130 relevant documents. Seventy-three participants from 17 countries completed the survey, most of whom were affiliated with academic or civil society institutions. According to the review, all countries had legislation related to ingredient and nutrient declaration in labels, food-based dietary guidelines, and at least a regulation that influences school food environments. Measures such as fiscal incentives for sustainable agriculture, subsidies for healthy foods, and mechanisms to prevent industry interference were less commonly in place. The restriction of food advertising to children and adolescents, the policies to reduce inequalities and protect vulnerable populations, and the promotion of healthy foods were the most frequently identified priorities for further research. Study types that were more frequently suggested included analyses of implementation barriers, industry interference, policy impact evaluation, and stakeholder mapping. This study identified food environment policies across LAC and research needs. The respondents emphasized the need for research to assess policy implementation, monitor impact, and address barriers such as industry interference. Strengthening regional collaboration and applied research capacities may contribute to generating actionable evidence for more effective and equitable food policies in the region.