Impact of Chronic Cannabis Use on Oral and Periodontal Health

Chronic cannabis use has become increasingly prevalent due to its medicinal and recreational applications, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of its impact on oral and periodontal health. This review explores the multifaceted effects of cannabis consumption, focusing on periodontal health, salivary gland function, oral microbiome alterations, wound healing, and associated risks of oral cancer. Chronic cannabis use is linked to higher prevalence and severity of periodontitis, driven by its influence on inflammatory pathways and immune modulation. Salivary gland dysfunction resulting in xerostomia compromises oral health, increasing the risk of dental caries and mucosal infections. Changes in the oral microbiome, characterized by dysbiosis, contribute to periodontal disease progression and peri-implant complications. Furthermore, while cannabinoids offer therapeutic potential due to their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, chronic use poses significant risks, including delayed wound healing and increased oral cancer susceptibility. This review underscores the dual role of cannabis as both a therapeutic agent and a risk factor, emphasizing the need for further research to optimize clinical management strategies for cannabis users and improve oral health outcomes.