3-Hydroxypropionic Acid Enhances Hair Growth-Related Signaling in Human Follicle Dermal Papilla Cells via Activation of the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway

Hair loss is a common condition that affects a large number of people worldwide, impacting both men and women. Its development is closely linked to the function of hair follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs), which play a pivotal role in maintaining hair growth and follicle integrity. However, these cells are particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress generated under psychological or environmental stressful conditions. Preserving the mitochondrial function and biological activity of HFDPCs is critical for preventing stress-related hair loss. This study investigated the protective and hair growth-promoting effects of 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP), a naturally occurring organic acid with antioxidant potential, on HFDPCs exposed to H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress conditions. Treatment with 3-HP significantly enhanced cell viability and migration in H₂O₂-damaged HFDPCs. In addition, 3-HP reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and improved mitochondrial membrane potential as well as ATP production. Furthermore, 3-HP upregulated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression and activated hair growth-related signaling pathways, including the Wnt/β-catenin axis. Finally, treatment with 3-HP resulted in a significant enlargement of three-dimensional spheroids in H₂O₂-damaged HFDPCs. These findings suggest that 3-HP mitigates oxidative stress-induced damage and promotes hair follicle cell function, indicating its promise as a treatment option for improving oxidative stress-related hair loss conditions.