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Introduction. In the medical field, surgery represents an essential and demanding discipline involving complex procedures that require remarkable technical skills and intense concentration. However, surgeons face numerous occupational risks in their daily practice. The main purpose of this bibliographic study is to thoroughly investigate the professional risk factors for surgeons and analyze how these factors can impact the personal health and professional well-being of surgical practitioners. Material and methods. A bibliographic study was conducted to identify occupational risk factors associated with surgeons. This involved analyzing articles from databases such as PubMed, Hinari, and Google Scholar, using keywords such as "occupational risks," "surgeons," "occupational health," "impact of surgical profession," and "risk prevention." The study focused on publications from the last 10 years to provide an updated perspective on health and safety issues in surgery. Results. Occupational risk factors for surgeons are diverse and include exposure to transmissible infections such as viral hepatitis and HIV, caused by handling bodily fluids and biological materials during surgeries. Surgeons are also at risk of musculoskeletal injuries due to prolonged fixed positions and repetitive maneuvers during operations, which can lead to chronic back or neck pain. Exposure to hazardous chemicals used in the operating room is another major concern, with the potential to cause respiratory or dermatological problems. In addition to these physical aspects, psychological pressure is a significant risk factor for surgeons due to high stress levels and responsibility for patient outcomes. These conditions can lead to emotional exhaustion and burnout, ultimately affecting the mental health of surgeons. Conclusions. To manage and minimize these risks, it is essential to implement appropriate ergonomic measures in the operating room, rigorously use personal protective equipment, provide continuous workplace safety training, and adopt policies for stress management and mental well-being. These strategies not only protect the health of surgeons but also contribute to more efficient and safer surgical practice, ensuring high-quality patient care in the end.