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The rising demand for wood-based particleboards in Nigeria’s construction sector has intensified deforestation, environmental degradation, and timber scarcity. Additionally, conventional particleboards use synthetic adhesives like urea-formaldehyde and phenol-formaldehyde, which emit carcinogenic formaldehyde, posing health and environmental risks.This research investigated the effects of maize cob particles bonded with termite mound soil and cement on the physical and mechanical properties of composite boards. The study assessed parameters including density, compressive strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, water absorption, and thickness swelling. Results revealed that increasing maize cob content generally reduced density and mechanical strength, while dimensional instability increased. Optimal performance was achieved at 2.5–5.0% maize cob inclusion, where composites exhibited improved strength and stability suitable for structural applications. Beyond this threshold, excessive cob loading introduced voids, weakened particle–matrix adhesion, and compromised stiffness and rupture resistance. The findings demonstrate that maize cob particles can serve as sustainable reinforcement material in eco-friendly composites, particularly in regions with abundant agricultural residues. By optimising cob proportions, composite boards can balance environmental benefits with mechanical reliability. This study highlights the potential of agricultural waste utilisation in advancing sustainable construction materials and promoting circular economy practices.