Water Governance and Sustainable Development Goal 6: Strategies and Insights from Central Himalaya, Nepal

Nepal, with its diverse topography spanning the Tarai Hills and the Himalayas faces unique challenges in water governance. The federal structure of Nepal, comprising 7 provinces and 753 local levels, plays a crucial role in implementing strategies for sustainable water management and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6) targets. Water resources in Nepal stimulate the economy, supporting agriculture, hydropower, and fostering sustainability. This study focuses on the status, progress, and challenges in providing access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene in alignment with SDG 6 in Nepal. Despite notable advancements, with 95.47% of households in 2021 having sanitation facilities, only 56.97% relied on tap/piped water. Challenges include inadequate water supply systems, climate-induced disasters, and coordination gaps among the three tiers of the Government. Enhancing governance mechanisms and aligning initiatives with SDG 6 are crucial strategies for achieving both national and global targets and involve focusing on stakeholder collaboration to ensure equitable water and sanitation access, as outlined in the Constitution of Nepal 2015 (Articles 30, 35) and in governance structures (Schedules 5–9). Implementing national water policies, establishing regulatory bodies, and promoting community-driven management are essential steps. Additionally, addressing institutional fragmentation and fostering hydro-diplomatic relations with neighbouring countries are vital. Enhanced financial support and capacity-building efforts are also necessary. By prioritizing sustainable water management, Nepal can achieve its SDG 6 goals by 2030.