Redshift as a 4‑dimensional geometric phenomenon: a static hypersphere cosmological framework

Abstract This study proposes an alternative explanation for galactic redshift within a higher-dimensional geometric framework. The model posits that our three-dimensional world is embedded in a four-dimensional hypersphere, and that redshift arises from the wave propagation of light in 4‑dimensional space rather than from the expansion of space. The approach conceptually aligns with Einstein’s static universe idea, but recasts it within a novel multi‑dimensional geometric setting that avoids the paradoxes of the standard expanding model. Furthermore, the model offers a natural interpretation for dark matter and dark energy phenomena by deriving them from interactions between the 3‑dimensional and 4‑dimensional spaces.