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The Republic of Tatarstan is one of the largest and most developed regions of the Russian Federation. It possesses an extensive and historically significant network of veterinary laboratories. The aim of the present study was to analyze the major stages in the formation and development of veterinary laboratory services in the Republic of Tatarstan over more than 140 years, as well as to identify the key factors that shaped the modern structure of the service. The article consistently examines the pre-revolutionary, Soviet, and modern periods of laboratory development in the region. It is noted that the first laboratory unit was established at the Kazan Veterinary Institute in 1882. The organizational foundations of state veterinary laboratory diagnostics were laid in the early 20th century. The most intensive formation of the laboratory network occurred in the 1920s–1930s: in response to an unfavorable epizootic situation, the Central Bacteriological Station, serological and diagnostic laboratories, and later an interdistrict system of laboratory institutions were established. In the post-war years, the scale of laboratory research expanded, new methods of diagnosing animal diseases were introduced, and the production of biological preparations was organized. In the post-Soviet period, the laboratory infrastructure underwent modernization, and modern diagnostic technologies were implemented; an accredited Testing Center was established on the basis of the Republican Veterinary Laboratory. Today, the veterinary laboratory service of Tatarstan represents an extensive network performing millions of tests annually and playing a crucial role in ensuring the epizootic well-being of the region. Summarizing the accumulated historical experience makes it possible to determine promising directions for the further development of the laboratory service.