Sonopsychology in obstetrics, gynecology, and pediatrics: psychological dimensions of ultrasound practice

Ultrasound (US) examinations are not only diagnostic procedures but also psychologically charged experiences that shape patients' perceptions, emotions, and behaviors, a field we term sonopsychology. In obstetrics, US functions as both a clinical and psychosocial milestone: it reassures parents, strengthens maternal-fetal bonding, and provides shared experiences, while simultaneously provoking anxiety, especially in high-risk pregnancies or when abnormal findings are detected. Effective communication, empathetic interaction, and involvement of partners and family are critical in reducing distress and enhancing attachment. In gynecology, US examinations may raise fears related to fertility, chronic disorders, or cancer, with transvaginal studies carrying additional vulnerability due to their intimate nature. Sensitive handling, informed consent, and respectful interaction are therefore essential. Pediatric US presents unique challenges, as cooperation depends on developmental stage, prior experiences, and the emotional climate of the exam. Strategies such as age-appropriate explanations, play, distraction, and parental presence are vital to minimize fear and encourage trust. Across all patient groups, sonopsychology emphasizes that ultrasound is more than imaging; it is a human encounter where communication, empathy, and psychological awareness directly influence outcomes. Future research should refine interventions to reduce "scanxiety," explore child- and family-centered approaches, and optimize the integration of psychological care into routine sonography.