Advancements and environmental impacts of plasticizers: A comprehensive review of current trends and sustainable alternatives

Plasticizers are indispensable additives in polymer science, enabling the modification of polymer properties such as flexibility, durability, and processability. They play a vital role across various industries, including construction, automotive, healthcare, food packaging, and consumer products. Historically, phthalate-based plasticizers dominated the market due to their effectiveness and cost-efficiency. However, their environmental persistence and health risks, including endocrine-disrupting effects, have raised significant concerns, leading to regulatory restrictions and a search for safer alternatives. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the types, applications, and environmental impacts of plasticizers, with a focus on the transition from phthalate-based plasticizers to sustainable alternatives. Non-phthalate and bio-based plasticizers, such as citrates, adipates, and epoxidized soybean oil, are explored in detail for their performance, safety, and compliance with stringent environmental standards. Advances in sustainable plasticizer technology, including bio-based formulations, nanocomposite plasticizers, and recyclable options, are highlighted as promising solutions to address current challenges. The review also discusses the role of innovation and collaboration in developing next-generation plasticizers that meet industry demands while minimizing ecological footprints. It emphasizes the importance of balancing functionality, safety, and sustainability to ensure the responsible use of plasticizers in polymer applications. As the industry evolves, greener solutions are set to shape the future of plasticizer technology, promoting environmental stewardship and advancing global sustainability goals.