Not your average dairy farmer: Clustering dairy farmers of Western Canada and Ontario based on management practices and well-being

A wide array of operational and management practices characterizes the dairy farming landscape in Canada. This heterogeneity poses challenges in understanding the full range of dairy farming systems, which can lead to incomplete representations and less effective interventions aimed at improving the well-being of dairy farmers. This study aimed to holistically explore the relationship between dairy farmers' well-being and farm management practices. A multiple factorial analysis was used to group dairy farmers based on various factors, including demographic characteristics, mental and physical health outcomes, farming responsibilities, work-life balance, social environment and support, animal housing and management, and concerns about various dairy-related stressors. The analysis identified 4 distinct clusters of farmers defined by 66 significant variables. Key factors influencing the differences among the surveyed dairy producers included age, concern about finances, drought, public perceptions of the dairy industry, policies and regulations, farm responsibilities, satisfaction with professional relationships (such as those with veterinarians and feed representatives), and mental health outcomes. Despite the variations among the clusters, a common theme emerged: most participants selected finding more time for enjoyable activities and reducing their workload as ways to improve their well-being. The findings suggest that the nature of dairy farming and its associated responsibilities may often hinder farmers from achieving a healthy work-life balance. Furthermore, this study highlights the distinct challenges faced by various groups of dairy farmers. The typologies established in this research offer a promising foundation for providing tailored resources and support.