Cost-effectiveness of policy options for transformation of cytology-based nationwide cervical cancer screening programme in the Czech Republic: model-based economic evaluation

ABSTRACT Objectives Cervical cancer is a preventable disease, and a properly implemented screening programme can reduce its incidence and mortality and potentially save resources. This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of options for potential transformation of the nationwide screening programme in the Czech Republic, especially considering recent changes in HPV DNA testing recommendations. Methods A microsimulation model was developed to assess the cost-effectiveness and health benefits of alternative screening strategies in the Czech Republic. The model simulated annual life cycles of women from age 15, comparing combinations of cytology and HPV testing. Input parameters used were obtained from national registries in the Czech Republic and from published literature. The analysis was conducted from the perspective of healthcare payers. Costs (2025 EUR) and LYs were discounted at a rate of 3% annually. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was conducted. Results The CEA showed that, compared to the current setting (annual cytology with co-test at 35, 45, 55), only specific co-testing strategies lead to a decrease in incidence and mortality but differ in benefits and economic efficiency. The lowest ICER was reported for a strategy combining cytology at two-year intervals and co-testing at four-year intervals from ages 30 to 65. Sensitivity analysis showed that the current strategy has the highest probability of cost-effectiveness at €31,000 per LY gained. At higher values, this is replaced by a strategy with a 3-year interval co-test. Conclusions Based on the models presented, co-testing appears to be cost-effective. The actual willingness to pay threshold will facilitate selection of the most-appropriate strategy.