Effect of Nanoparticles in Horticulture Crops: A Review

Since the conceptual foundations of nanoscale science were articulated in the mid-twentieth century, nanotechnology has evolved into a multidisciplinary field with applications spanning materials science, electronics, biotechnology, food systems, and agriculture. In horticulture, nano-enabled approaches are increasingly explored for crop nutrition, plant protection, postharvest preservation, and quality monitoring. Applications include nano-fertilizers and nano-encapsulated nutrients for improved delivery efficiency, nano-based formulations for disease and pest management, and nanostructured packaging materials that regulate gas exchange, enhance ultraviolet protection, and extend the shelf life of horticultural produce. Smart packaging systems incorporating nanosensors further support postharvest management by enabling real-time detection of spoilage-related parameters such as humidity, temperature, and gaseous metabolites during storage and transportation. Despite these promising applications, concerns remain regarding the potential risks of nanomaterials to plant systems, human health, and the environment, particularly in relation to phytotoxicity, bioaccumulation, and long-term ecological impacts. This review critically examines the benefits and limitations of nanotechnology in horticulture, with emphasis on nano-fertilizers, nano-encapsulated agro-inputs, and nano-based postharvest technologies. It also discusses the effects of nanomaterials on seed germination, plant growth, photosynthetic performance, oxidative balance, and phytotoxic responses, highlighting current knowledge gaps and the need for risk-informed, sustainable deployment strategies.