Nationwide validation of the CLEO tool to evaluate the relevance of pharmacists’ interventions in German hospitals

Since clinical pharmacy is still a developing discipline in German hospitals, differences in clinical practice and professional expertise complicate the evaluation of PIs. While intra-rater reliability was good, the validation of the CLEO tool in Germany did not achieve satisfactory inter-rater reliability. The CLEO tool may be useful within institutions with shared standards, but broader application across diverse settings in Germany requires additional training, further research and standardisation of clinical pharmacy services.