Mitochondrial Orchestration of Wound Healing: From Cellular Energetics to Therapeutic Innovation

In the event of injury, tissue repair necessitates the complex, multi-step process of wound healing. Recent discoveries highlight the critical coordinating role of mitochondria, transcending conventional ATP production. This review examines mitochondrial dynamics, quality control, and signalling in the context of wound healing, highlighting their impact at every stage, including cellular migration, immunological responses, tissue remodelling, and stem cell activation. Cell-type-specific and subcellular mitochondrial adaptations, the processes responsible for the insufficient healing of wounds, and the supplementary effects of environmental variables on mitochondrial functions are highlighted. The study discusses cutting-edge therapeutic options, such as antioxidants, metabolic modulators, transplantation, biogenesis enhancers, and new methods, including photobiomodulation and delivery systems based on nanotechnology that improve mitochondrial function. Experimental methodologies and translational viewpoints provide a framework for newer mitochondrial-centric therapeutics, addressing clinical obstacles, biomarker advancement, and regulatory issues. Understanding how mitochondria control themselves could lead to a new therapeutic approach that speeds up and improves the wound healing.