De novo assembly of the <i>Trypanosoma congolense</i> genome reveals an organisation influenced by antigenic variation but distinct from <i>Trypanosoma brucei</i>

Abstract Antigenic variation is a widespread process for pathogen evasion of mammalian adaptive immunity, involving the continuous change in exposed antigens. In African trypanosomes, antigenic variation involves changes in the expression of Variant Surface Glycoprotein (VSG). Understanding of VSG expression control and change amongst African trypanosomes is most advanced in Trypanosoma brucei . In the important animal trypanosome, Trypanosoma congolense , incomplete assembly of the genome has held back understanding of the mechanics of antigenic variation. Here, we have used long-read DNA sequencing and Hi-C DNA interaction analysis to provide a telomere-telomere assembly of the T. congolense genome. This assembly reveals a genome comprising 12 diploid chromosomes, one tetraploid chromosome, and more than 100 small chromosomes. Within this new assembly, we reveal several features of VSG organisation and expression that differ from T. brucei . The majority of the T. congolense VSG archive, estimated at ∼1500 genes, localises to subtelomeres in 12 of the 13 large chromosomes, but these loci are notably smaller than are found in T. brucei . Furthermore, transcriptome analysis reveals expression of VSG s across the T. congolense subtelomeres, which are not separated within the nucleus from non- VSG chromosome regions, indicating that there is no dedicated VSG expression site. Strikingly, one chromosome contains approximately 40% of the VSG archive and is largely transcriptionally silent, potentially acting as the major reservoir of new VSG variants. Finally, we show that VSG expression can be detected from multiple small chromosomes. In summary, the new genome assembly provides a platform for understanding a potentially unusual operation of VSG expression and switching in T. congolense .